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Introduction to human body

Do you want to know the complete summary of the introduction to Human body, for your B.pharma 1st semester or exams?

Hello everyone,

Then, this article is for you.

So, today I have shared a 100% clear summary of the introduction to human body.

Our human body is made of very complex organs.

In the 1st unit of Human Anatomy and Physiology subject, this chapter is included.

Okay,

I am Soumyadeb Dutta and a b.pharma graduate. Now I am reading in m.pharma.

The article is summarised from essential books, videos, and my notes.

Now I am going to introduce our topic.

Topics that you are going to know:

• What are Human Anatomy and Physiology
• What are the Levels of Structural organization
• What are Internal Environment and Homeostasis
  • What are the Components that control
• What is the Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanism

Let,s go and learn…

What are Human Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy is the “study of the structure of the body and the physical relationship between body parts”.

Physiology is the “study of how the parts work and maintain our life and health”.

Basically, Anatomy is the knowledge about human body parts structure and Physiology is the knowledge about the working process of human body parts.

Pathology is the “study of abnormalities and how they affect the body functions”.

Now we are entering the topic of Introduction to human body.

What are the Levels of Structural organization?

In the first word, “Levels of the structural organization” means the forms that build the human body.

The lowest level is Atoms. The atoms combine to form molecules, which are present in the high range in the body.

The molecules combine together and form Cells.

Cells are the smallest units of living matter and there are millions in the body. They are too small and unable to see with the naked eye, but a microscope is possible. They are existing in different sizes, and shapes.

Cells with similar structures and functions are bound together, forming tissues.

The tissues combine to form organs and carry out a specific function, like the heart, lungs, kidney, etc.

The last level is Systems, which consists of organs. The human body has several systems, which work interdependently to carry out specific functions, like the Cardiovascular system, Respiratory System, and Digestive system.

What are Internal Environment and Homeostasis?

The Internal environment is the water-based medium in which body cells exist called tissue fluid.

The other term is called External environment surrounds the body.

The next point…

Homeostasis– means the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism responsible for environmental changes.

You are surprised to know about this process.

Your tissues, organs, and body system work through this process. It is a state of balance. It is balanced many things in your body.

For example, your blood balance a certain pH level.

Your blood glucose remains within a certain range.

Your internal body temperature is within a certain range.

See, we have mentioned the major body systems before, and the walks together

And

Now I am going to explain to you “how they work together”.

Homeostasis is using something called positive feedback and negative feedback Mechanism.

Before the two Mechanisms, you have to know about homeostatic control.

What are the Components that control?

• The first Component is the receptor.
• The second Component is the control center.
• The third Component is the effector.

The first Component: the receptor, is a type of sensor that controls the environment and changes the response. This response is called stimuli.

Then information/stimuli(input) are sent to The second Component: the control center.

This process or pathway is called the afferent pathway.

The second Component: the control center, maintained the level or range by determining the set point. By analyzing the received input, the control center determines the appropriate response.

Then the Information (output) is transferred to the third component, the effectors from the control center.

This process or pathway is called the efferent pathway.

The third Component: the effector, catch the response (Output) of the stimuli from the control centers. The results of the response are transferred into feedback forms.

The feedback influences the effect of the stimuli. If the feedback shows a reducing effect, it is negative feedback, by which the whole control process is shut off.

If the feedback shows an enhancing effect, it is positive feedback, by which the process continues at an even faster rate.

What is the Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanism?

Negative Feedback Mechanism:

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are this type of mechanism. We have already known feedback Mechanism shows a reducing effect, by which the whole control process is shut off and the stimulus reduces its intensity.

A good example of the hormonal negative feedback mechanism is the control of blood sugar (glucose) through insulin.

If the blood sugar rises in our body, the receptors detect this change, and the pancreas which is a control center, secret insulin into the blood from beta cells of islets of Langerhans.

With this change, the body cells absorb more glucose.

As a result, the insulin removes from the bloodstream. So blood sugar fails, and the stimulus for insulin release ends.

All negative feedback mechanisms have the same goal: “Sudden severe changes within the body”.

There are 100 other negative feedback mechanisms that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and the rate of breathing.

Positive Feedback Mechanism:

We have already known if the feedback Mechanism shows an enhancing effect the whole process continues and the response is increased.

One other example of positive feedback mechanisms is blood clots. During the blood clotting time, more of the chemicals are released and more platelets are attracted to the site of the clot. The positive feedback accelerates the process of clotting until the clot is large enough to stop the bleeding.

Basic Anatomical Terminology:

The anatomical position is when a person stands,

face pointing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet also pointing forward.

If everyone is looking at the body in the exact same position,

there will be less confusion when discussing anything related to anatomy.

Superior and Inferior:

We are going to start with superior and inferior.

Superior means toward the head, but it can also mean upper or above.

Inferior means toward the feet, but it can also mean lower or below.

So we would say “the heart is located superior to the small intestine”,

or we could say “the small intestine is located inferior to the heart”.

Anterior and Posterior:

Next are anterior and posterior.

Anterior means further to the front, or in front of.

Posterior means further to the back, or in the back of.

So, we would say “the sternum is anterior to the heart”, and “the heart is posterior to the sternum”.

Sometimes the terms ventral and dorsal are used in place of anterior and posterior,

where ventral means anterior and dorsal means posterior.

Anterior and posterior can also be used to describe “how you are looking at the body”.

It can be viewed from an anterior view, meaning looking at the body from the front, and

It can be viewed from the posterior view, meaning looking at it from the back.

Medial and Lateral:

Medial and lateral are another set of directional terms.

Medial means toward the midline of the body, and

Lateral means toward the side of the body, or away from the midline of the body.

Where the midline is an imaginary line, that divides the body into left and right halves.

So, we would say that the heart lies medial to the lungs,

or you could say that the lungs lie lateral to the heart.

Lateral can also be used to describe “how you are looking at the body”.

It can be viewed from a lateral view, meaning looking at the body from the side.

Next is proximal and distal.

Proximal and distal are terms that are usually used when describing parts of the appendicular body.

Remember that the axial body consists of the head, neck, and trunk, and

the appendicular body consists of the limbs or appendages that are added to the axial body.

Proximal means closer to the axial body, or toward the trunk of the body, and

Distal means further from the axial body, or further from the trunk of the body.

So, we would say the thigh is proximal to the foot, or

you could say the foot is distal to the thigh.

Superficial and deep are another set of directional terms.

Superficial means closer to the surface of the body, and

deep means further away from the surface of the body.

So, we would say the sternum is superficial to the lungs,

or the lungs are deep to the sternum.

Remember this is the case when we are looking at the body from the front or anterior view,

when it is in the anatomical position.

And that, be the anatomical directional terms.

Last word:

Well, we have come to the end of the topic of introduction to human body.

I really believe that this article helps you so much and you have learned from it.

If you want to read the next topic, then visit my related article to get a lot more knowledge.

Additionally, you can comment here about your experiences, queries, and which topic you want to read next.

And I will definitely try to fulfill this.

Thanks for reading.

Have a nice day and you will succeed in your life.